Landmarks of Islam in Europe

Heraclius Caesar (Emperor of Byzantine) received the message (letter) of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAS)

Emergence of Muslims in Derbent (Modern-day Russia)

Beginning of Muslim rule in Cyprus

Inclusion of Corsica into the Umayyad Caliphate

Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

Muslim Rule of Al-Andalus (Modern-day Spain and Portugal)

Emirate of Tiflis (Modern-day Tbilisi, Georgia)

Emirate of Crete (Greece)

Sicilian Emirate (Italy)

Emirate of Bari (Italy)

Malta becomes a part of the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates

Rule of Abd Al-Rahman III (Caliphate of Cordoba, Spain)

Adoption of Islam by the state of Volga Bulgaria. (Modern-day, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)

Seljuk conquest of Anatolia — Battle of Manzikert

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) — Greatest Philosopher of medieval Europe (Cordoba)

Berke Khan’s rule — consolidation of Islam in the state of Golden Horde

Official adoption of Islam in the Golden Horde by Uzbek khan (modern-day Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan)

Edirne (Adrianople) becomes the capital of the Ottoman Empire

Victory in Kosovo — inclusion of the Balkans by the Ottomans

Beginning of the history of the Lithuanian Tatars

Crimean Khanate

Triumphant victory of Sultan Mehmet Fatih in Constantinople (Modern-day Istanbul)

Athens included into the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman inclusion of Bosnia

Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire form an alliance

Mimar Sinan — one of the Greatest and the most fruitful Architect of Europe (Istanbul)

Ottoman Sultan Selim is proclaimed a caliph

Rule of Sultan and caliph Suleiman Qanuni

Island of Rhodes becomes incorporated into the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Hungary

Siege of Vienna

Cyprus becomes incorporated into the Ottoman Empire

Evliya Çelebi — explorer who wrote Seyâhatnâme "Book of Travel", while travelling through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and Europe

French translation of the Holy Quran, later re-translated to English, Dutch and German

Second Siege of Vienna and Battle of Vienna

Charles XII of Sweden exile in the Ottoman Empire

"Lâle Devri" - legendary "Tulip Period" in Ottoman Empire that led to adoption of Muslim elements in mode of life and culture of Europeans, with Venice, Dutch and France at the forefront of this transformation

First published printed edition of the Holy Quran (St. Petersburg)

Caucasian Imamate, the rule of Imam Shamil (Dagestan and North Caucasus, modern-day Russia)

Rule of Ottoman Sultan and Caliph — Abdul-Hamid II

First Ottoman Parliament formed under Abdul Hamid II

Construction of the first mosque in London (Shah Jahan Mosque)

Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque became the first mosque in the world to receive electricity (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hezegovina)

Declaration of Independence of Albania — the emergence of the first European state with a Muslim majority population

Proclamation of the first Republic of Azerbaijan

Creation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Republic (Modern-day Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)

Formation of Chechen Autonomy (modern-day Chechen Republic, Russian Federation)

Declaration of independence of Azerbaijan

Declaration of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Declaration of independence of Kazakhstan

Russian Federation joined the Organization of Islamic Cooperation as an observer, following the example of the European states — Azerbaijan, Albania, Kazakhstan, Turkey (members) and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Northern Cyprus (observers)

Kosovo Declaration of Independence

Hagia Sophia is converted back into a mosque